Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

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Assaji
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Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

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Hello Pali friends,

First just some sources.

Cetanāsutta (SN 12.38):

“ Yato ca kho, bhikkhave, no ceva ceteti no ca pakappeti no ca anuseti, ārammaṇametaṃ na hoti viññāṇassa ṭhitiyā. Ārammaṇe asati patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Tadappatiṭṭhite viññāṇe avirūḷhe āyatiṃ punabbhavābhinibbatti na hoti. Āyatiṃ punabbhavābhinibbattiyā asati āyatiṃ jātijarāmaraṇaṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā nirujjhanti. Evametassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa nirodho hotī”ti

"But when one doesn't intend, arrange, or obsess [about anything], there is no support for the stationing of consciousness. There being no support, there is no landing of consciousness. When that consciousness doesn't land & grow, there is no production of renewed becoming in the future. When there is no production of renewed becoming in the future, there is no future birth, aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, or despair. Such is the cessation of this entire mass of suffering & stress."

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Dutiyacetanā Sutta (SN 12.39):

Yato ca kho, bhikkhave, no ceva ceteti no ca pakappeti no ca anuseti, ārammaṇametaṃ na hoti viññāṇassa ṭhitiyā. Ārammaṇe asati patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Tadappatiṭṭhite viññāṇe avirūḷhe nāmarūpassa avakkanti na hoti. Nāmarūpanirodhā saḷāyatananirodho, saḷāyatananirodhā phassanirodho, phassanirodhā vedanānirodho, vedanānirodhā taṇhānirodho, taṇhānirodhā upādānanirodho, upādānanirodhā bhavanirodho, bhavanirodhā jātinirodho, jātinirodhā jarāmaraṇaṃ sokaparidevadukkhadomanassūpāyāsā nirujjhanti. Evametassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa nirodho hoti.

Translation by Bhikkhu Bodhi:

"But, bhikkhus, when one does not intend, and one does not plan, and one does not have a tendency towards anything, no basis exists for the maintenance of consciousness. When there is no basis, there is no support for the establishing of consciousness. When consciousness is unestablished and does not come to growth, there is no descent of name-and-form. With the cessation of name-and-form comes cessation of the six sense bases... Such is the cessation of this whole mass of suffering."

Atthi Raga sutta:

‘‘Phasse ce, bhikkhave, āhāre… manosañcetanāya ce, bhikkhave, āhāre… viññāṇe ce, bhikkhave, āhāre natthi rāgo natthi nandī natthi taṇhā, appatiṭṭhitaṃ tattha viññāṇaṃ avirūḷhaṃ. Yattha appatiṭṭhitaṃ viññāṇaṃ avirūḷhaṃ, natthi tattha nāmarūpassa avakkanti. Yattha natthi nāmarūpassa avakkanti, natthi tattha saṅkhārānaṃ vuddhi. Yattha natthi saṅkhārānaṃ vuddhi, natthi tattha āyatiṃ punabbhavābhinibbatti. Yattha natthi āyatiṃ punabbhavābhinibbatti, natthi tattha āyatiṃ jātijarāmaraṇaṃ. Yattha natthi āyatiṃ jātijarāmaraṇaṃ asokaṃ taṃ, bhikkhave, adaraṃ anupāyāsanti vadāmī’’ti.

"In the same way, where there is no passion for the nutriment of physical food... contact... intellectual intention... consciousness, where there is no delight, no craving, then consciousness does not land there or increase. Where consciousness does not land or increase, there is no alighting of name-&-form. Where there is no alighting of name-&-form, there is no growth of fabrications. Where there is no growth of fabrications, there is no production of renewed becoming in the future. Where there is no production of renewed becoming in the future, there is no future birth, aging, & death. That, I tell you, has no sorrow, affliction, or despair."

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SN XXII.53 Upaya Sutta (Engagement), in the translation of Ven.Bhikkhu Bodhi:

At Saavatthi:

Bhikkhus, one who is engaged is unliberated; one who is disengaged is liberated. Consciousness, bhikkhus, while standing, might stand engaged with form; based upon form, established upon form, with a sprinkling of delight, it might come to growth, increase, and expansion. Or consciousness, while standing, might stand [engaged with feeling..., engaged with perception...] engaged with volitional formations; based upon volitional formations, established upon volitional formations, with a sprinkling of delight, it might come to growth, increase and expansion.

Bhikkhus, though someone might say: 'apart from form, apart from feeling, apart from perception, apart from volitional formations, I will make known the coming and going of consciousness, its passing away and rebirth, its growth, increase and expansion'--that is impossible.

Bhikkhus, if a bhikkhu has abandoned lust for the form element, with the abandoning of lust, the basis is cut off, there is no support for the establishing of consciousness. If he has abandoned lust for the feeling element...for the perception element...for the volitional formations element...for the consciousness element, with the abandoning of lust the basis is cut off. There is no support for the establishing of consciousness.

When that consciousness is unestablished, not coming to growth, nongenerative, it is liberated. By being liberated, it is steady; by being steady, it is content; by being content, he is not agitated. Being unagitated, he personally attains nibbaana. He understands: 'Destroyed is birth , the holy life has been lived, what had to be done has been done, there is no more for this state of being.'


Upayasuttaṃ

53. Sāvatthinidānaṃ. ‘‘Upayo [upāyo (bahūsu)], bhikkhave, avimutto, anupayo vimutto. Rūpupayaṃ vā, bhikkhave, viññāṇaṃ tiṭṭhamānaṃ tiṭṭheyya, rūpārammaṇaṃ rūpappatiṭṭhaṃ nandūpasecanaṃ vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjeyya. Vedanupayaṃ vā…pe… saññupayaṃ vā…pe… saṅkhārupayaṃ vā, bhikkhave, viññāṇaṃ tiṭṭhamānaṃ tiṭṭheyya, saṅkhārārammaṇaṃ saṅkhārappatiṭṭhaṃ nandūpasecanaṃ vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjeyya’’.

‘‘Yo, bhikkhave, evaṃ vadeyya – ‘ahamaññatra rūpā aññatra vedanāya aññatra saññāya aññatra saṅkhārehi viññāṇassa āgatiṃ vā gatiṃ vā cutiṃ vā upapattiṃ vā vuddhiṃ vā virūḷhiṃ vā vepullaṃ vā paññāpessāmī’ti, netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati.

‘‘Rūpadhātuyā ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti. Rāgassa pahānā vocchijjatārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Vedanādhātuyā ce, bhikkhave… saññādhātuyā ce bhikkhave… saṅkhāradhātuyā ce bhikkhave… viññāṇadhātuyā ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti. Rāgassa pahānā vocchijjatārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Tadappatiṭṭhitaṃ viññāṇaṃ avirūḷhaṃ anabhisaṅkhaccavimuttaṃ. Vimuttattā ṭhitaṃ. Ṭhitattā santusitaṃ. Santusitattā na paritassati. Aparitassaṃ paccattaññeva parinibbāyati. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānātī’’ti.
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

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Bija sutta ( http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka ... .than.html" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false; )

"Should consciousness, when taking a stance, stand attached to (a physical) form, supported by form, established on form, watered with delight, it would exhibit growth, increase, & proliferation.

"Should consciousness, when taking a stance, stand attached to feeling, supported by feeling, established on feeling, watered with delight, it would exhibit growth, increase, & proliferation.

"Should consciousness, when taking a stance, stand attached to perception, supported by perception, established on perception, watered with delight, it would exhibit growth, increase, & proliferation.

"Should consciousness, when taking a stance, stand attached to fabrications, supported by fabrications, established on fabrications, watered with delight, it would exhibit growth, increase, & proliferation.

"Were someone to say, 'I will describe a coming, a going, a passing away, an arising, a growth, an increase, or a proliferation of consciousness apart from form, from feeling, from perception, from fabrications,' that would be impossible.

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of form...

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of feeling...

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of perception...

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of fabrications...

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of consciousness, then owing to the abandonment of passion, the support is cut off, and there is no base for consciousness. Consciousness, thus unestablished, not proliferating, not performing any function, is released. Owing to its release, it is steady. Owing to its steadiness, it is contented. Owing to its contentment, it is not agitated. Not agitated, he (the monk) is totally unbound right within. He discerns that 'Birth is ended, the holy life fulfilled, the task done. There is nothing further for this world.'"

Rūpūpayaṃ bhikkhave viññāṇaṃ tiṭṭhamānaṃ tiṭṭheyya. Rūpārammaṇaṃ rūpappatiṭṭhaṃ nandupasecanaṃ vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjeyya, vedanūpayaṃ vā bhikkhave viññāṇaṃ tiṭṭhamānaṃ tiṭṭheyya. Vedanārammaṇaṃ vedanappatiṭṭhaṃ nandupasecanaṃ vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjeyya ,saññūpayaṃ vā bhikkhave viññāṇaṃ tiṭṭhamānaṃ tiṭṭheyya. Saññārammaṇaṃ saññappatiṭṭhaṃ nandupasecanaṃ vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjeyya, saṅkhārūpayaṃ vā bhikkhave viññāṇaṃ tiṭṭhamānaṃ tiṭṭheyya. Saṅkhārārammaṇaṃ saṅkhārappatiṭṭhaṃ nandupasecanaṃ vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjeyya,

Yo bhikkhave evaṃ vadeyya ahamaññatra rūpā aññatra vedanāya aññatra saññāya aññatra saṃkhārehi viññāṇassa āgatiṃ vā gatiṃ vā cutiṃ vā uppattiṃ vā vuddhiṃ vā virūḷhiṃ vā vepullaṃ vā paññāpessāmīti netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati.

Rūpadhātuyā ce bhikkhave bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti, rāgassa pahānā vocchijjatārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Vedanādhātuyā ce bhikkhave bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti rāgassa pahānā vocchijjatārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Saññādhātuyā ce bhikkhave bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti,rāgassa pahānā vocchijjatārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti.Saṅkhāradhātuyā ce bhikkhave bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti,rāgassa pahānā vocchitārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Saṅkhāradhātuyā ce bhikkhave bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti, rāgassa pahānā vocchitārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Viññāṇadhātuyā ce bhikkhave bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti, rāgassa pahānā vocchitārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Tadappatiṭṭhitaṃ viññāṇaṃ avirūḷhaṃ anabhisaṅkhacca vimuttaṃ vimuttattā ṭhitaṃ, ṭhitattā santusitaṃ, santusitattā na paritassati, aparitassaṃ paccattaṃ yeva parinibbāyati, khīṇā jāti vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ nāparaṃ itthattāyāti pajānātīti.

Udana sutta:

‘‘Rūpadhātuyā ce, bhikkhu, bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti. Rāgassa pahānā vocchijjatārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Vedanādhātuyā ce, bhikkhu, bhikkhuno… saññādhātuyā ce, bhikkhu, bhikkhuno… saṅkhāradhātuyā ce, bhikkhu, bhikkhuno… viññāṇadhātuyā ce, bhikkhu, bhikkhuno rāgo pahīno hoti. Rāgassa pahānā vocchijjatārammaṇaṃ patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti. Tadappatiṭṭhitaṃ viññāṇaṃ avirūḷhaṃ anabhisaṅkhārañca vimuttaṃ. Vimuttattā ṭhitaṃ. Ṭhitattā santusitaṃ. Santusitattā na paritassati. Aparitassaṃ paccattaññeva parinibbāyati. ‘Khīṇā jāti…pe… nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhu, jānato evaṃ passato anantarā āsavānaṃ khayo hotī’’ti.

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of form ...

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of feeling ...

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of perception ...

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of fabrications ...

"If a monk abandons passion for the property of consciousness, then owing to the abandonment of passion, the support is cut off, and there is no base for consciousness. Consciousness, thus unestablished, not proliferating, not performing any function, is released. Owing to its release, it stands still. Owing to its stillness, it is contented. Owing to its contentment, it is not agitated. Not agitated, he (the monk) is totally unbound right within. He discerns that 'Birth is ended, the holy life fulfilled, the task done. There is nothing further for this world.'

"For one knowing in this way, seeing in this way, monk, there is the immediate ending of fermentations."

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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

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In Udana 80 "аppatiṭṭha" is also linked to the lack of support (ārammaṇa):

There is that dimension where there is neither earth, nor water, nor fire, nor wind; neither dimension of the infinitude of space, nor dimension of the infinitude of consciousness, nor dimension of nothingness, nor dimension of neither perception nor non-perception; neither this world, nor the next world, nor sun, nor moon. And there, I say, there is neither coming, nor going, nor staying; neither passing away nor arising: unestablished, unevolving, without support (mental object). This, just this, is the end of stress.

"Atti bhikkave, tadāyatanaṃ, yattha neva paṭhavi, na āpo, na tejo, na vāyo, na ākāsānañcāyatanaṃ, na viññānañcāyatanaṃ, na ākiñcaññāyatanaṃ, na nevasaññānāsaññāyatanaṃ, nāyaṃ loko, na paraloko, na ubho candimasuriyā. Tatrāpāhaṃ bhikkhave, neva āgatiṃ vadāmi, na gatiṃ, na ṭhitiṃ, na cutiṃ, na upapattiṃ. Appatiṭṭhaṃ appavattaṃ anārammaṇamevetaṃ. Esevanto dukkhassā"ti.

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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

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This word is also used in a sutta on crossing over the flood:

"I crossed over the flood without pushing forward, without staying in place."

"But how, dear sir, did you cross over the flood without pushing forward, without staying in place?"

"When I pushed forward, I was whirled about. When I stayed in place, I sank. And so I crossed over the flood without pushing forward, without staying in place."

Appatiṭṭhaṃ khvāhaṃ āvuso anāyūhaṃ oghamatarinti.
Yathā kathaṃ pana tvaṃ mārisa appatiṭṭhaṃ anāyūhaṃ oghamatarīti?

(Bhagavā:)
Yadā svāhaṃ āvuso santiṭṭhāmi. Tadāssu saṃsīdāmi. Yadā svāhaṃ āvuso āyūhāmi tadāssu nibbuyhāmi. Evaṃ khvāhaṃ āvuso appatiṭṭhaṃ anāyūhaṃ oghamatarintī.

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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

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Theras Vakkali and Godhika attained Nibbana due to the consciousness being unestablished:

‘‘Eso kho, bhikkhave, māro pāpimā vakkalissa kulaputtassa viññāṇaṃ samanvesati - ‘kattha vakkalissa kulaputtassa viññāṇaṃ patiṭṭhita’nti? Appatiṭṭhitena ca, bhikkhave, viññāṇena vakkali kulaputto parinibbuto’’ti.

"That, bhikkhus, is Māra the Evil One searching for the consciousness of the clansman Vakkali, wondering: 'Where now has the consciousness of the clansman Vakkali been established?' However, bhikkhus, with consciousness unestablished, the clansman Vakkali has attained final Nibbana."

S 3.123

‘‘Eso kho, bhikkhave, māro pāpimā godhikassa kulaputtassa viññāṇaṃ samanvesati – ‘kattha godhikassa kulaputtassa viññāṇaṃ patiṭṭhita’nti? Appatiṭṭhitena ca, bhikkhave, viññāṇena godhiko kulaputto parinibbuto’’ti.

S 1.122

This remainds of consciousness being unsupported (anissita):

MN 22: Alagaddūpama Sutta:

"And how is a monk a noble one with banner lowered, burden placed down, unfettered? There is the case where a monk's conceit 'I am' is abandoned, its root destroyed, made like a palmyra stump, deprived of the conditions of development, not destined for future arising. This is how a monk is a noble one with banner lowered, burden placed down, unfettered.

"And when the devas, together with Indra, the Brahmas, & Pajapati, search for the monk whose mind is thus released, they cannot find that 'The consciousness of the one truly gone (tathagata) is dependent on this.' Why is that? The one truly gone is untraceable even in the here & now.

Kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ariyo pannaddhajo pannabhāro visaṃyutto hoti? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno asmimāno pahīno hoti, ucchinnamūlo tālāvatthukato anabhāvaṃkato , āyatiṃ anuppādadhammo. Evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ariyo pannaddhajo pannabhāro visaṃyutto hoti.

Evaṃ vimuttacittaṃ kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhuṃ saindā devā sabrahmakā sapajāpatikā anvesaṃ nādhigacchanti – ‘idaṃ nissitaṃ tathāgatassa viññāṇa’nti. Taṃ kissa hetu? Diṭṭhevāhaṃ, bhikkhave, dhamme tathāgataṃ ananuvijjoti vadāmi.

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See also Mahasatipatthana sutta:

“Yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya paṭissatimattāya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upādiyati.”

"And he remains independent, unsustained by not appropriating anything in the world.
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

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Buddha gives instructions to Mettagu in Sutta-nipata:

‘‘Yaṃ kiñci sampajānāsi, (mettagūti bhagavā)
Uddhaṃ adho tiriyañcāpi majjhe;
Etesu nandiñca nivesanañca, panujja viññāṇaṃ bhave na tiṭṭhe.

‘‘Evaṃvihārī sato appamatto, bhikkhu caraṃ hitvā mamāyitāni;
Jātiṃ jaraṃ sokapariddavañca, idheva vidvā pajaheyya dukkhaṃ’’.

Whatever you're alert to,
above, below,
across, in between:
dispelling any delight,
any laying claim
to those things,
consciousness should not take a stance
in becoming.
The monk who dwells thus
— mindful, heedful —
letting go of his sense of mine,
knowing right here would abandon
birth & aging,
lamentation & sorrow,
stress & suffering.

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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

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This reminds of separation between consciousness and nama-rupa, described in Nalakalapiyo sutta:

"Tena hāvuso upamaṃ te karissāmi. Upamāyapidhekacce viññū purisā bhāsitassa atthaṃ ājānanti.

"Seyyathāpi āvuso, dve naḷakalāpiyo aññamaññaṃ nissāya tiṭṭheyyuṃ, evameva kho āvuso, nāmarūpapaccayā saḷāyatanaṃ, saḷāyatanapaccayā phasso, phassapaccayā vedanā, vedanāpaccayā taṇhā, taṇhāpaccayā upādānaṃ. Upādānapaccayā bhavo. Bhavapaccayā jāti. Jātipaccayā jarāmaraṇaṃ, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā sambhavanti. Evametassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa samudayo hoti. Tāsañce āvuso, naḷakalāpīnaṃ ekaṃ apakaḍḍheyya, ekā papateyya, aparañce apakaḍḍheyya, aparā papateyya. Evameva kho āvuso, nāmarūpanirodhā viññāṇanirodho, viññāṇanirodhā nāmarūpanirodho, nāmarūpanirodhā saḷāyatananirodho, saḷāyatananirodhā phassanirodho, phassanirodhā vedanānirodho, vedanānirodhā taṇhānirodho. Taṇhānirodhā upādānanirodho. Upādānanirodhā bhavanirodho. Bhavanirodhā jātinirodho. Jātinirodhā jarāmaraṇaṃ, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupāyāsā nirujjhanti. Evametassa kevalassa dukkhakkhandhassa nirodho hotī'ti.


"Very well then, Kotthita my friend, I will give you an analogy; for there are cases where it is through the use of an analogy that intelligent people can understand the meaning of what is being said. It is as if two sheaves of reeds were to stand leaning against one another. In the same way, from name-&-form as a requisite condition comes consciousness, from consciousness as a requisite condition comes name-&-form. From name & form as a requisite condition come the six sense media. From the six sense media as a requisite condition comes contact. From contact as a requisite condition comes feeling. From feeling as a requisite condition comes craving. From craving as a requisite condition comes clinging/sustenance. From clinging/sustenance as a requisite condition comes becoming. From becoming as a requisite condition comes birth. From birth as a requisite condition, then aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair come into play. Such is the origination of this entire mass of suffering & stress.

"If one were to pull away one of those sheaves of reeds, the other would fall; if one were to pull away the other, the first one would fall. In the same way, from the cessation of name-&-form comes the cessation of consciousness, from the cessation of consciousness comes the cessation of name-&-form. From the cessation of name-&-form comes the cessation of the six sense media. From the cessation of the six sense media comes the cessation of contact. From the cessation of contact comes the cessation of feeling. From the cessation of feeling comes the cessation of craving. From the cessation of craving comes the cessation of clinging/sustenance. From the cessation of clinging/sustenance comes the cessation of becoming. From the cessation of becoming comes the cessation of birth. From the cessation of birth, then aging & death, sorrow, lamentation, pain, distress, & despair all cease. Such is the cessation of this entire mass of suffering & stress."

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According to Mahanidana sutta, when consciousness gains a support (arammana) in nama-rupa, this eventually leads to suffering:

‘‘‘Nāmarūpapaccayā viññāṇa’nti iti kho panetaṃ vuttaṃ, tadānanda, imināpetaṃ pariyāyena veditabbaṃ, yathā nāmarūpapaccayā viññāṇaṃ. Viññāṇañca hi, ānanda, nāmarūpe patiṭṭhaṃ na labhissatha, api nu kho āyatiṃ jātijarāmaraṇaṃ dukkhasamudayasambhavo paññāyethā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’.

"'From name-and-form as a requisite condition comes consciousness.' Thus it has been said. And this is the way to understand how from name-and-form as a requisite condition comes consciousness. If consciousness were not to gain a foothold in name-and-form, would a coming-into-play of the origination of birth, aging, death, and stress in the future be discerned?

"No, lord."

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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

Post by Assaji »

Consciousness can be stationed on a perceptual image (nimitta),
http://www.dhammawheel.com/viewtopic.php?f=23&t=2770" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;
which is one of the types of bases (arammana).

Ādittapariyāyasuttaṃ (SN 35.235)

‘‘Ādittapariyāyaṃ vo, bhikkhave, dhammapariyāyaṃ desessāmi. Taṃ suṇātha. Katamo ca, bhikkhave, ādittapariyāyo, dhammapariyāyo? Varaṃ, bhikkhave, tattāya ayosalākāya ādittāya sampajjalitāya sajotibhūtāya cakkhundriyaṃ sampalimaṭṭhaṃ, na tveva cakkhuviññeyyesu rūpesu anubyañjanaso nimittaggāho. Nimittassādagathitaṃ vā, bhikkhave, viññāṇaṃ tiṭṭhamānaṃ tiṭṭheyya, anubyañjanassādagathitaṃ vā tasmiñce samaye kālaṃ kareyya, ṭhānametaṃ vijjati, yaṃ dvinnaṃ gatīnaṃ aññataraṃ gatiṃ gaccheyya – nirayaṃ vā, tiracchānayoniṃ vā. Imaṃ khvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, ādīnavaṃ disvā evaṃ vadāmi.

"Bhikkhus, I will teach you a Dhamma exposition on the theme of burning. Listen to that....
"And what, bhikkhus, is the Dhamma exposotion on the theme of burning? It would be better, bhikkhus, for the eye faculty to be lacerated by a red-hot iron pin burning, blazing and glowing, than for one to grasp the sign (nimitta) through the features in a form cognizable by the eye. For if consciousness should stand tied to gratification in the sign or in the features, and if one should die on that occasion, it is possile that one will go to one of two destinations: hell or animal realm. Having seen this danger, i speak thus.

(Similarly about other sense doors:)

‘‘Tattha, bhikkhave, sutavā ariyasāvako iti paṭisañcikkhati – ‘tiṭṭhatu tāva tattāya ayosalākāya ādittāya sampajjalitāya sajotibhūtāya cakkhundriyaṃ sampalimaṭṭhaṃ. Handāhaṃ idameva manasi karomi – iti cakkhu aniccaṃ, rūpā aniccā, cakkhuviññāṇaṃ aniccaṃ, cakkhusamphasso anicco, yampidaṃ cakkhusamphassapaccayā uppajjati vedayitaṃ sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā tampi aniccaṃ’’’.

"In regard to this, bhikkhus, the instructed noble disciple reflects thus: 'Leave off the lacerating eye faculty with a red-hot iron pin burning, blazing, and glowing. Let me attend only to this: So the eye is impermanent, eye-consciousness is impermanent, eye-contact is impermanent, whatever feeling arises with eye-contact as condition - whether pleasant or painful or neither-painful-nor-pleasant - that too is impermanent."

(Similarly with other sense doors.)

‘‘Evaṃ passaṃ, bhikkhave, sutavā ariyasāvako cakkhusmimpi nibbindati, rūpesupi nibbindati, cakkhuviññāṇepi nibbindati, cakkhusamphassepi nibbindati…pe… yampidaṃ manosamphassapaccayā uppajjati vedayitaṃ sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā adukkhamasukhaṃ vā tasmimpi nibbindati. Nibbindaṃ virajjati; virāgā vimuccati; vimuttasmiṃ vimuttamiti ñāṇaṃ hoti. ‘Khīṇā jāti, vusitaṃ brahmacariyaṃ, kataṃ karaṇīyaṃ, nāparaṃ itthattāyā’ti pajānāti. Ayaṃ kho, bhikkhave, ādittapariyāyo, dhammapariyāyo’’ti.


So the contemplations of impermanence, etc. are the way to make the consciousness unstationed, and thus to Nibbana.
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

Post by Assaji »

Similarly to Bija sutta quoted above http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka ... .than.html" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false; ,
Pathamabhava sutta likens kamma to the field, and consciousness to seed:

6. Paṭhamabhavasuttaṃ

77. Atha kho āyasmā ānando yena bhagavā tenupasaṅkami; upasaṅkamitvā bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdi. Ekamantaṃ nisinno kho āyasmā ānando bhagavantaṃ etadavoca – ‘‘bhavo, bhavoti, bhante, vuccati. Kittāvatā nu kho, bhante, bhavo hotī’’ti?

‘‘Kāmadhātuvepakkañca, ānanda, kammaṃ nābhavissa, api nu kho kāmabhavo paññāyethā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Iti kho, ānanda, kammaṃ khettaṃ, viññāṇaṃ bījaṃ, taṇhā sneho. Avijjānīvaraṇānaṃ sattānaṃ taṇhāsaṃyojanānaṃ hīnāya dhātuyā viññāṇaṃ patiṭṭhitaṃ evaṃ āyatiṃ punabbhavābhinibbatti hoti.

‘‘Rūpadhātuvepakkañca, ānanda, kammaṃ nābhavissa, api nu kho rūpabhavo paññāyethā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Iti kho ānanda, kammaṃ khettaṃ, viññāṇaṃ bījaṃ, taṇhā sneho. Avijjānīvaraṇānaṃ sattānaṃ taṇhāsaṃyojanānaṃ majjhimāya dhātuyā viññāṇaṃ patiṭṭhitaṃ evaṃ āyatiṃ punabbhavābhinibbatti hoti.

‘‘Arūpadhātuvepakkañca, ānanda, kammaṃ nābhavissa, api nu kho arūpabhavo paññāyethā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Iti kho, ānanda, kammaṃ khettaṃ, viññāṇaṃ bījaṃ, taṇhā sneho. Avijjānīvaraṇānaṃ sattānaṃ taṇhāsaṃyojanānaṃ paṇītāya dhātuyā viññāṇaṃ patiṭṭhitaṃ evaṃ āyatiṃ punabbhavābhinibbatti hoti. Evaṃ kho, ānanda, bhavo hotī’’ti.

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Sylvester
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

Post by Sylvester »

Thank you, Dmytro. This is most useful.

Now to the hard part - what do you think is the nature of the word appatiṭṭha? Should it function as a verb or as an adjective?

Patiṭṭha being the past participle of the intransitive verb patiṭṭhahati would function in an active voice and thus retain its function as a verb in Pali. It seems that in Pali, only past participles of transitive verbs can function as adjectives.

This much seems to be the sense conveyed by the past participles patiṭṭhā and virūḷha in SN 12.38, in the passages where cetanā or anusaya are present. Yet, BB's translation of the negation appatiṭṭha in SN 12.39 looks ambiguously like an adjective (unestablished), whilst at the same time, he left the negation avirūḷha in its verb sense. Strangely enough, in his draft of the translation, he translated appatiṭṭha as "not established", thereby retaining the verb sense.

In Ven Thanissaro's other translations that you post above, he switches between rendering appatiṭṭha as either a verb or as an adjective.

I'm just wondering if the translation of appatiṭṭha as adjectival might not perhaps have been done with the Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit apratiṣṭha in mind. One cannot be sure that BHS usage have not been allowed to creep into the Prakrit Agamas. In the slippage from a Prakrit form to the BHS form, some of the Prakrit grammatical injunctions shared with Pali might have simply been lost, thus allowing the Northern Buddhists to treat the verbal formation apratiṣṭha to be an adjective instead.

If I recall correctly, the Chinese parallels to the Vakkali and Godhika suttas mentioned above put the "non-establishment" as a case of "no rebirth consciousness", thereby excluding the possibility of a consciousness predicated by an "unestablished" adjective.

What do you think?
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

Post by Assaji »

Hi Sylvester,
Sylvester wrote:Thank you, Dmytro. This is most useful.
I'm glad it's helpful.
Now to the hard part - what do you think is the nature of the word appatiṭṭha? Should it function as a verb or as an adjective?
For me, the native speaker of Ukrainian and Russian, where such participles are routine, this is a very easy question. Clearly this participle serves as an adjective.
Patiṭṭha being the past participle of the intransitive verb patiṭṭhahati would function in an active voice and thus retain its function as a verb in Pali.
I don't understand how such a thing can happen. Perhaps you would give an example?

Another thing I'm not sure about is whether "patiṭṭha" is a present or past participle. Seems like "patiṭṭha" is a present participle, and "patiṭṭhita" - past participle.
This much seems to be the sense conveyed by the past participles patiṭṭhā and virūḷha in SN 12.38, in the passages where cetanā or anusaya are present. Yet, BB's translation of the negation appatiṭṭha in SN 12.39 looks ambiguously like an adjective (unestablished), whilst at the same time, he left the negation avirūḷha in its verb sense. Strangely enough, in his draft of the translation, he translated appatiṭṭha as "not established", thereby retaining the verb sense.
IMHO, these are inevitable shortcoming of rendering the Pali (or Ukrainian) participles in English. There's no exact equivalent to such participles in English.
One cannot be sure that BHS usage have not been allowed to creep into the Prakrit Agamas.
It's hard to talk about something that one can't prove or disprove. Appatiṭṭha is used even in Sutta-nipata, which did not undergo stylization. As the Hathigumpha inscription and Girnar Asokan edicts show, the difference between spoken Pali and stylized Pali is minimal (see page 4 of "The Pali Language and the Theravadin Tradition" by K. R. Norman).

Currently my friend (and me) works on a project on finding the chronological markers of Pali Canon (like the use of sygmatic aorists, certain words and prefixes, etc.). Hopefully this would eventually bring some certainty in the chronology of the Canon.
If I recall correctly, the Chinese parallels to the Vakkali and Godhika suttas mentioned above put the "non-establishment" as a case of "no rebirth consciousness", thereby excluding the possibility of a consciousness predicated by an "unestablished" adjective.
In Chinese, the sense of prticiples is very hard to convey, hence the back translation in nouns.

Anyway, the participle by its nature denotes a dynamic process, much like a verb, so there's no talk about some solid substance being eternally unestablished. Indeed it is more like process of being without footing.
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

Post by Sylvester »

Hi Dmytro

Thank you for sharing your thoughts.

I think both the PED and CPD would agree with you in treating appatiṭṭha as an adjective, rather than a verb.

Could we first resolve a vocabulary issue concerning patiṭṭha and patiṭṭhita? I would agree that patiṭṭhita is the past participle for patiṭṭhahati , but the dictionaries do recognize that the variant form of patiṭṭhahati would be the more common patiṭṭhāti (appearing 27 times in the suttas, not counting peyyālas, versus 2 occurences of patiṭṭhahati in a later strata of the Nikayas). You get patiṭṭhāti being used in conjunction with the locative sense of stopping or acquiring a resting place in MN 129’s simile of the wheel treasure –
Yasmiṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, padese cakkaratanaṃ patiṭṭhāti tattha rājā cakkavattī vāsaṃ upeti saddhiṃ caturaṅginiyā senāya.
Again the same sense is conveyed in AN 3.3.2.6, which discusses the establishment of a gem -
Seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, apaṇṇako maṇi uddhaṃ khitto yena yeneva patiṭṭhāti suppatiṭṭhitaṃyeva patiṭṭhāti;


We see this also in AN 5.1.1.8 which discusses the establishment of a monk in the Dhamma –
Saddho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu na cavati, patiṭṭhāti saddhamme. Hirīmā, bhikkhave, bhikkhu na cavati, patiṭṭhāti saddhamme. Ottappī, bhikkhave, bhikkhu na cavati, patiṭṭhāti saddhamme. Āraddhavīriyo, bhikkhave, bhikkhu na cavati, patiṭṭhāti saddhamme. Paññavā, bhikkhave, bhikkhu na cavati, patiṭṭhāti saddhamme. Imehi kho, bhikkhave, pañcahi dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu na cavati, patiṭṭhāti saddhamme”ti.
I get the feel that patiṭṭha would be the past participle for the more frequent patiṭṭhāti , leaving patiṭṭhita as the form of the past participle for patiṭṭhahati. I do realize that the form patiṭṭhā is used in SN 12.38 (Ārammaṇe sati patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa hoti. ), where the long a suggests the possibility of a present participle. However, could present participles in Pali function as adjectives? I’ve not actually come across this dispensation, since Warder seems to treat them as pseudo-adjectives (p.47).

Re your query –
Patiṭṭha being the past participle of the intransitive verb patiṭṭhahati would function in an active voice and thus retain its function as a verb in Pali.
I don't understand how such a thing can happen. Perhaps you would give an example?
I got the sense from 2 grammars (Buddhadatta’s and Durioselle’s) that only passive participles function as predicates, since they are supposed to be formed from transitive verbs. However, I see that Warder opines that even active past participles can function as adjectives, although he does not give examples (p.274). I’m at a loss here.

I just have difficulty seeing “patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa” as a junction of an adjective and noun, since there is no agreement between the genitive case of consciousness and patiṭṭhā.

In fact, if we look at this sentence –
Ārammaṇe asati patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti.
It is beginning to look to me that the phrase “patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa” is used as a noun, given the negative copula “na hoti”. This sentence looks suspiciously like a manifestation of the standard idappaccayatā formula “imasmiṃ asati idaṃ na hoti”, given the same locative absolute construction of “Ārammaṇe asati”.

Might it be possible that patiṭṭhā (with the long a) is the feminine noun meaning "establishment"? This seems like the only reading I can give to a conjunction of patiṭṭhā with viññāṇa in the genitive case.

Your thoughts would be appreciated.
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

Post by Assaji »

Hi Sylvester,
Sylvester wrote:However, could present participles in Pali function as adjectives?
According to my Ukrainian intuition, yes.
Might it be possible that patiṭṭhā (with the long a) is the feminine noun meaning "establishment"? This seems like the only reading I can give to a conjunction of patiṭṭhā with viññāṇa in the genitive case.
Interesting.

In Mahanidana sutta there's a noun 'patiṭṭha':

116. ‘‘‘Nāmarūpapaccayā viññāṇa’nti iti kho panetaṃ vuttaṃ, tadānanda, imināpetaṃ pariyāyena veditabbaṃ, yathā nāmarūpapaccayā viññāṇaṃ. Viññāṇañca hi, ānanda, nāmarūpe patiṭṭhaṃ na labhissatha, api nu kho āyatiṃ jātijarāmaraṇaṃ dukkhasamudayasambhavo paññāyethā’’ti? ‘‘No hetaṃ, bhante’’. ‘‘Tasmātihānanda, eseva hetu etaṃ nidānaṃ esa samudayo esa paccayo viññāṇassa yadidaṃ nāmarūpaṃ.

In the Atthakatha there's 'patiṭṭha' as a noun:

Rūpārammaṇaṃ rūpapatiṭṭhanti rūpameva ārammaṇaṃ ālambitvā rūpameva patiṭṭhaṃ katvā.

Saṅkhārapariggahitaṃ viññāṇaṃ gatīsu patiṭṭhaṃ labhati pariṇāyakapariggahito viya rājakumāro rajje.

Kilesānaṃ patiṭṭhaṭṭhena kāraṇaṭṭhena ārammaṇaṭṭhena ca vatthukāmo.

So evidently 'appatiṭṭha' literally means 'devoid of footing', instead of being a participle.

Thank you for contribution.
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

Post by Sylvester »

Thanks Dmytro.

Going by the context set by SN 12.38 and SN 12.39, I think I'll treat the phrase "appatiṭṭhita viññāṇa" in its various cases as simply a negation of the proposition "patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa hoti", ie it would connote "there is no establishment of consciousness". That negation seems the most natural from the context, since "appatiṭṭhita viññāṇa" as a proposition flows from "patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti ".

Of course, I would not disagree that going just by its grammatical form alone, it probably lends itself just as easily to a reading of "there is an unestablished consciousness" or the more ambigious "consciousness is unestablished". Which of course creates doctrinal problems, if the understanding of the noun patiṭṭhā is as something other than a process connected with rebecoming.
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Re: Pali Term: Appatiṭṭha

Post by Assaji »

Hi Sylvester,
Sylvester wrote:Going by the context set by SN 12.38 and SN 12.39, I think I'll treat the phrase "appatiṭṭhita viññāṇa" in its various cases as simply a negation of the proposition "patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa hoti", ie it would connote "there is no establishment of consciousness". That negation seems the most natural from the context, since "appatiṭṭhita viññāṇa" as a proposition flows from "patiṭṭhā viññāṇassa na hoti ".
Precision would also require to specify the nature of 'establishment'. Perhaps I would start a thread on the term 'ārammaṇa'.
Of course, I would not disagree that going just by its grammatical form alone, it probably lends itself just as easily to a reading of "there is an unestablished consciousness" or the more ambigious "consciousness is unestablished". Which of course creates doctrinal problems, if the understanding of the noun patiṭṭhā is as something other than a process connected with rebecoming.
Well, as explained in Aditta-pariyaya sutta quoted above:

http://www.dhammawheel.com/viewtopic.ph ... 12#p189635" onclick="window.open(this.href);return false;

perceptual image (nimitta) in the present life can also be a footing for the consciousness.
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